LeHavreV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 001423

Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase

Identifieur interne : 001423 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001422; suivant : 001424

Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase

Auteurs : Hélène Manduzio [France] ; Tiphaine Monsinjon [France] ; Camille Galap [France] ; Francois Leboulenger [France] ; Béatrice Rocher [France]

Source :

Aquatic toxicology [ 0166-445X ] ; 2004.

RBID : Pascal:05-0018804

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Variation saisonnière, Antioxydant, Pollution eau, Branchie, Superoxide dismutase, Détoxication, Activité enzymatique, Milieu aquatique, Ecotoxicologie, Glutathione transferase, Glutathione reductase (NADPH), Glutathione peroxidase, Marqueur biologique, Mytilidae, Mytilus edulis.
Wicri :
- topic : Milieu aquatique.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Antioxidant, Antioxidants (metabolism), Aquatic environment, Biological marker, Bivalvia (enzymology), Detoxification, Ecotoxicology, Environmental Monitoring (methods), Environmental Pollution, Enzymatic activity, Gill, Gills (drug effects), Gills (enzymology), Glutathione Transferase (drug effects), Glutathione Transferase (metabolism), Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase (NADPH), Glutathione transferase, Isoenzymes (drug effects), Isoenzymes (metabolism), Mytilidae, Mytilus edulis, Oxidative Stress (physiology), Seasonal variation, Seasons, Superoxide Dismutase (drug effects), Superoxide Dismutase (metabolism), Superoxide dismutase, Water pollution.
MESH :
- chemical , drug effects : Glutathione Transferase, Isoenzymes, Superoxide Dismutase.
- chemical , metabolism : Antioxidants, Glutathione Transferase, Isoenzymes, Superoxide Dismutase.
- drug effects : Gills.
- enzymology : Bivalvia, Gills.
- methods : Environmental Monitoring.
- physiology : Oxidative Stress.
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Environmental Pollution, Seasons.

Abstract

In the present work, we investigated in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) the seasonal variations in the activity of several enzymes, which participate in the cellular defence system that is involved in the adaptive response of organisms to pollution. The activity levels of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and three isoforms of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in gills and digestive glands of this bivalve species were used as biomarkers. Adult wild mussels were collected in Le Havre harbour (north-west coast of France) from four sites with different environmental conditions. Measurements of enzymatic activities were performed on tissue homogenates except for Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase for which the activity of each isoform was detected on gel after isoelectric focusing. Seasonal variations in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, characterized by low activity levels during winter, a period where oxidative stress is known to be high in bivalves. A clear-cut discrepancy between tissues was noted concerning inter-individual variability of data, which was low in gills but high in digestive gland, leading to the conclusion that gills could preferentially be used in biomonitoring studies dealing with oxidative stress in the blue mussel. As compared to animals from the reference site, mussels from the most polluted sites exhibited changes in the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase pattern characterized by an increase in the activity of the more acidic isoform without significant variation ofthe total activity of the enzyme. The most striking data were recorded in mussels collected at the outlet of a thermoelectric power plant. When compared to animals from the reference site, not only their gills showed a highly significant induction of the most acidic isoform of the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (+340%, P < 0.001) but also high levels of glutathione S-transferase activity (+269%, P < 0.001). This study points out the usefulness of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase expression pattern as a biomarker of exposure to environmental stress rather than measurement of total activity of the enzyme, in field studies using Mytilus edulis. It also indicates the informative potential for glutathione S-transferase measurements in gills and underlines the advantages of selecting a battery of biomarkers for evaluating the impact of contamination on marine organisms.

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase</title>
<author><name sortKey="Manduzio, Helene" sort="Manduzio, Helene" uniqKey="Manduzio H" first="Hélène" last="Manduzio">Hélène Manduzio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monsinjon, Tiphaine" sort="Monsinjon, Tiphaine" uniqKey="Monsinjon T" first="Tiphaine" last="Monsinjon">Tiphaine Monsinjon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galap, Camille" sort="Galap, Camille" uniqKey="Galap C" first="Camille" last="Galap">Camille Galap</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leboulenger, Francois" sort="Leboulenger, Francois" uniqKey="Leboulenger F" first="Francois" last="Leboulenger">Francois Leboulenger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rocher, Beatrice" sort="Rocher, Beatrice" uniqKey="Rocher B" first="Béatrice" last="Rocher">Béatrice Rocher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno>
<idno type="inist">05-0018804</idno>
<date when="2004">2004</date>
<idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 05-0018804 INIST</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Pascal:05-0018804</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000250</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000092</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000263</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0166-445X:2004:Manduzio H:seasonal:variations:in</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001455</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:15451609</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000319</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000319</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000319</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000114</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000114</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000114</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0166-445X:2004:Manduzio H:seasonal:variations:in</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001360</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001423</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001423</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase</title>
<author><name sortKey="Manduzio, Helene" sort="Manduzio, Helene" uniqKey="Manduzio H" first="Hélène" last="Manduzio">Hélène Manduzio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monsinjon, Tiphaine" sort="Monsinjon, Tiphaine" uniqKey="Monsinjon T" first="Tiphaine" last="Monsinjon">Tiphaine Monsinjon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galap, Camille" sort="Galap, Camille" uniqKey="Galap C" first="Camille" last="Galap">Camille Galap</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leboulenger, Francois" sort="Leboulenger, Francois" uniqKey="Leboulenger F" first="Francois" last="Leboulenger">Francois Leboulenger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rocher, Beatrice" sort="Rocher, Beatrice" uniqKey="Rocher B" first="Béatrice" last="Rocher">Béatrice Rocher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), UPRES-EA 3222, IFRMP 23, UFR of Sciences and Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon-BP 540</s1>
<s2>76058 Le Havre</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Haute-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Le Havre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Aquatic toxicology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Aquat. toxicol.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0166-445X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2004">2004</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Aquatic toxicology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Aquat. toxicol.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0166-445X</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Analysis of Variance</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Antioxidant</term>
<term>Antioxidants (metabolism)</term>
<term>Aquatic environment</term>
<term>Biological marker</term>
<term>Bivalvia (enzymology)</term>
<term>Detoxification</term>
<term>Ecotoxicology</term>
<term>Environmental Monitoring (methods)</term>
<term>Environmental Pollution</term>
<term>Enzymatic activity</term>
<term>Gill</term>
<term>Gills (drug effects)</term>
<term>Gills (enzymology)</term>
<term>Glutathione Transferase (drug effects)</term>
<term>Glutathione Transferase (metabolism)</term>
<term>Glutathione peroxidase</term>
<term>Glutathione reductase (NADPH)</term>
<term>Glutathione transferase</term>
<term>Isoenzymes (drug effects)</term>
<term>Isoenzymes (metabolism)</term>
<term>Mytilidae</term>
<term>Mytilus edulis</term>
<term>Oxidative Stress (physiology)</term>
<term>Seasonal variation</term>
<term>Seasons</term>
<term>Superoxide Dismutase (drug effects)</term>
<term>Superoxide Dismutase (metabolism)</term>
<term>Superoxide dismutase</term>
<term>Water pollution</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Glutathione Transferase</term>
<term>Isoenzymes</term>
<term>Superoxide Dismutase</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Antioxidants</term>
<term>Glutathione Transferase</term>
<term>Isoenzymes</term>
<term>Superoxide Dismutase</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Gills</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enzymology" xml:lang="en"><term>Bivalvia</term>
<term>Gills</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Environmental Monitoring</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Oxidative Stress</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Analysis of Variance</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Environmental Pollution</term>
<term>Seasons</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Variation saisonnière</term>
<term>Antioxydant</term>
<term>Pollution eau</term>
<term>Branchie</term>
<term>Superoxide dismutase</term>
<term>Détoxication</term>
<term>Activité enzymatique</term>
<term>Milieu aquatique</term>
<term>Ecotoxicologie</term>
<term>Glutathione transferase</term>
<term>Glutathione reductase (NADPH)</term>
<term>Glutathione peroxidase</term>
<term>Marqueur biologique</term>
<term>Mytilidae</term>
<term>Mytilus edulis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Milieu aquatique</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In the present work, we investigated in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) the seasonal variations in the activity of several enzymes, which participate in the cellular defence system that is involved in the adaptive response of organisms to pollution. The activity levels of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and three isoforms of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in gills and digestive glands of this bivalve species were used as biomarkers. Adult wild mussels were collected in Le Havre harbour (north-west coast of France) from four sites with different environmental conditions. Measurements of enzymatic activities were performed on tissue homogenates except for Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase for which the activity of each isoform was detected on gel after isoelectric focusing. Seasonal variations in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, characterized by low activity levels during winter, a period where oxidative stress is known to be high in bivalves. A clear-cut discrepancy between tissues was noted concerning inter-individual variability of data, which was low in gills but high in digestive gland, leading to the conclusion that gills could preferentially be used in biomonitoring studies dealing with oxidative stress in the blue mussel. As compared to animals from the reference site, mussels from the most polluted sites exhibited changes in the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase pattern characterized by an increase in the activity of the more acidic isoform without significant variation ofthe total activity of the enzyme. The most striking data were recorded in mussels collected at the outlet of a thermoelectric power plant. When compared to animals from the reference site, not only their gills showed a highly significant induction of the most acidic isoform of the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (+340%, P < 0.001) but also high levels of glutathione S-transferase activity (+269%, P < 0.001). This study points out the usefulness of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase expression pattern as a biomarker of exposure to environmental stress rather than measurement of total activity of the enzyme, in field studies using Mytilus edulis.  It also indicates the informative potential for glutathione S-transferase measurements in gills and underlines the advantages of selecting a battery of biomarkers for evaluating the impact of contamination on marine organisms.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
</country>
<region><li>Haute-Normandie</li>
<li>Région Normandie</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Le Havre</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="France"><region name="Région Normandie"><name sortKey="Manduzio, Helene" sort="Manduzio, Helene" uniqKey="Manduzio H" first="Hélène" last="Manduzio">Hélène Manduzio</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Galap, Camille" sort="Galap, Camille" uniqKey="Galap C" first="Camille" last="Galap">Camille Galap</name>
<name sortKey="Leboulenger, Francois" sort="Leboulenger, Francois" uniqKey="Leboulenger F" first="Francois" last="Leboulenger">Francois Leboulenger</name>
<name sortKey="Monsinjon, Tiphaine" sort="Monsinjon, Tiphaine" uniqKey="Monsinjon T" first="Tiphaine" last="Monsinjon">Tiphaine Monsinjon</name>
<name sortKey="Rocher, Beatrice" sort="Rocher, Beatrice" uniqKey="Rocher B" first="Béatrice" last="Rocher">Béatrice Rocher</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/France/explor/LeHavreV1/Data/Main/Exploration

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001423 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001423 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/France
   |area=    LeHavreV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     Pascal:05-0018804
   |texte=   Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase
}}

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25.
Data generation: Sat Dec 3 14:37:02 2016. Site generation: Tue Mar 5 08:25:07 2024

Serveur d'exploration sur la visibilité du Havre

Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase

Seasonal variations in antioxidant defences in blue mussels Mytilus edulis collected from a polluted area: major contributions in gills of an inducible isoform of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and of glutathione S-transferase

Source :

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

	Serveur d'exploration sur la visibilité du Havre
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.